Because ships sail a long time, the crew of the space is small, work intensity, which the ambient lighting color monotone, so the cabin crew of lighting environment on the psychological and physical in nature have a significant impact. The special circumstances in which the ship while on board a long period of salt spray equipment, high humidity, high vibration environment; take on the role because of its specificity and diversity of marine lighting equipment reliability and maintainability raised higher demand.
LED lighting industry is an emerging industry, with its unique advantages by the attention. We are talking about and the use of LED, will think of the long-life LED, energy saving, high brightness, small size and features, while LED can be controlled with the color and brightness, rich color temperature characteristics.
Therefore, applied to the LED lighting on the ship, must be reasonable use of the advantages of LED, flexible application of LED, from the shape of the elements of a reasonable starting light environment, create a good ship lighting environment.
LED Overview
LED (Light Emitting Diode), light-emitting diode, is a solid state semiconductor devices, which can be directly put electricity into light. We use the white light LED, is a combination of colors made by mixing after. Hybrid approach to build into a wide range of white LED. Such as the second wavelength light (blue light + YAG yellow phosphor system) or three-wavelength light (usually inorganic UV-chip RGB three-color phosphor added.)
Mainly used in the traditional areas of signal instructions, instrument backlighting with LED technology upgrade, LED luminous efficiency of record highs, LED lighting applications, as is possible. America's current 350mA Cree high-power LED, luminous efficiency at room temperature up to 161lm / W, a brightness of 173lm, Color temperature is 46,890 k, as the industry's highest level. Currently, production has been in the high-power LED, Nichia (Nichia) of up to 134lm / W; Lumileds to 115lm / W; Taiwan leading manufacturer Epistar data recently released 120lm / W; while the small size of the current experiment 20mA room light efficiency is close to 150lm / W.
With the LED luminous efficiency of the continuously exceeded, indicates that LED lighting is coming of age.
LED lighting as the advantages of marine
The traditional brings us the light source culture, but improper use will pollute the environment. The traditional marine lighting are: incandescent, fluorescent, high pressure mercury lamp and high pressure sodium lamps. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the traditional Marine light, due to the presence of these characteristics, traditional lighting has the following disadvantages:
Relatively short life, the life of traditional lights up only 1,000 hours; the same time, the lamp itself is made of glass, the memory of toxic gases, the high storage requirements; during installation, to design a special anti-collision structure; some of the large vessels , must be the creation of specialized warehouses store all kinds of lighting fixtures to prepare for change; traditional lamp to be radiation infrared, ultraviolet and static, affecting the health of the crew; traditional lighting can not choose the color temperature, long lighting likely to cause visual fatigue.
UV-visible light infra-red heat lamp (lm / w) Color temperature (K) color of life (h)
No higher incandescent large 10 3000K 100 1000
Very little of ordinary fluorescent small 50 5000K 60 8000
Very little smaller fluorescent energy saving lamps 80 5000K 80 5000
High-pressure mercury lamp is slightly larger 403450-375040 8000
Very few large high-pressure sodium lamp high 1101950-225020 10000
Table 1
As can be seen from Table 1, fluorescent lighting is an ideal light source, to avoid UV and infrared rays on the human body injury. However, the role of phosphor afterglow and philosophy remain properties of the human eye, although the eye can not see fluorescent lights flicker issue, however, this flash is an objective reality, and is constantly hurting people's eyes and optic nerves.
The emergence of LED brought us the green light environment, LED No infrared, ultraviolet, thermal radiation, no flicker, high reliability and long service life. Meanwhile, LED compact, easy to install, no noise characteristics, is more suitable for marine lighting. As a marine lighting, LED is more obvious with the following characteristics:
1: green, safe
The traditional lamp contains large amounts of toxic gases and fragile glass, if broken, will be volatile toxic gases into the air, lighting debris thrown into the ground. But the LED did not contain toxic gases, not lead, mercury and other heavy metals, has protective effects on the environment. To create a green light for the crew environment. Use of the process, traditional lamps will produce a lot of energy, and LED lighting is all the energy is converted to light, will not cause energy waste, as a Marine light and no hidden danger of explosion caused by static electricity; LED lamp body itself uses epoxy resin rather than the traditional glass, more robust and secure.
2: no noise, no radiation
LED lamps will not produce noise, very suitable for the cockpit, chart room they need to focus a high concentration of workplaces and crew rest. Lamps using conventional alternating current, so will have 100-120Hz flicker. LED lighting is the direct conversion of AC to DC, there is no stroboscopic phenomenon, and no electromagnetic radiation.
3: The voltage is adjustable, color temperature rich
The traditional lamp when the voltage is lowered, you can not light up. The LED lamp in a certain range of voltage can be lit within, but also adjust the brightness. Meanwhile, LED color temperature range up to 2000K ~ 9000K, to create different lighting effects, lighting for the crew to create a good environment.
4: easy maintenance, long life
LED power consumption is one-third less energy-saving lamps, lamp life is 10 times the traditional lighting, long life, high reliability, the use of low cost. LED lights on the ship rattling little effect.
LED lighting on the application in the marine
Scientific analysis of the different lighting requirements, combined with LED technology features to maximize the advantages of LED lighting on the boat. The following analysis, LED different applications on the ship.
Marine LED Lighting
Ship for a long time at sea, the marine seismic equipment, lighting, make a higher corrosion resistance requirements. The LED packaging structure is very unique with the seismic capacity, epoxy resin not only the earthquake, and are not afraid of sea water corrosion. Therefore, the structure of marine LED lighting, as long as the fixed design for marine structures on it, no need to design additional proof shade, the structure is more simple and lightweight. No protective cover, light efficiency can be further improved.
Ship because of special reasons, can not be comfortable for the crew working and living environment. The crew of a long life at sea, the work is arduous, often in a state of overload, especially under the lights in a long-term monotonous work, easily lead to fatigue, lighting, causing accidents.
Comfortable lighting environment mainly through the improvement of the human visual conditions - lighting, physiological factors and the improvement of the human visual environment - lighting psychological factors to achieve. Optional LED color temperature and lighting the richness of color, you can create a good lighting for the crew environment to the crew in a comfortable environment, reduce the crew's depression, irritability and other negative psychological.
Studies have shown that different color temperature light, the impression is not the same as in the 3000K color temperature below the red light color cast give people a warm feeling; color temperature 3000 - 6000K for the middle color, this hue in no particular obvious visual psychological effects are cool and calm feeling; color temperature more than 6000K, bluish color of light, giving a fresh feeling. Common color temperature of light source and the corresponding colors in Table 2.
White light color red ← --------- ------------ → Blue
Color Temperature (K) 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Natural light after sunrise and after sunrise even the noonday sun clouds, fog filled the sky, the sun after 20min 60min sun
Artificial light candles incandescent halogen fluorescent lamps LED LED LED LED LED high-pressure sodium lamp metal halide lamp LEDLED LED
Table 2
Marine LED lighting fixtures in the design, the first place to clear lamps used in lighting and the demand for places, so as to create different compartments for all the lighting effects. Such as the engine room, the chart room, cab, etc.; such noisy places, big crew working pressure. So such places to use 4000K ~ 5000K color temperature of the LED to give fresh, happy and able to ease the work pressure, maintain focus; and crew rest area, like restaurants, bedrooms and activity rooms, need a quiet, warm lighting environment,
2500K ~ 3500K the LED lights give people the soft, warm feeling; conference room discussion or a crew to convey the spirit of the local superior, quiet and clean environment; but it requires a quick thinking crew, enthusiastic and full of attitude, color temperature 4500K ~ 5500K the LED have this effect.
Naval base our company and cooperate in a warship on a small scale test equipment, LED lighting, mainly used in restaurants, bedrooms, chart rooms, cab and other compartments. Described in detail below under the main cabin design.
Bedroom Lighting
The bedroom is the crew's private space, lighting design is more user-friendly. LED high power LED room combination with multiple ways, through intelligent control of lighting intensity control switch to select the color temperature by controlling the brightness of a single LED to achieve the color temperature selection. Bedroom LED lighting color temperature adjustment range: 2200K to 3000K, could give the crew a warm feeling; same time, the lamps can be individually controlled with the wavelength of 450nm ~ ~ 480nm blue LED, to help the crew get a better sleep.
Restaurant lighting
Dining restaurant is a crew rest in public places, he needs a quiet, warm lighting environment. Restaurant LED lighting can be the size, choose a single group or groups of LED components of the lamps. Long-term sea, the crew in general loss of appetite, the restaurant LED lighting can make the food look delicious, thus increasing the crew's appetite. Restaurant LED lighting color temperature range: 3000K to 3500K.
Work area lighting
Crew of more than 50% of the time spent in the operating area, where the main cabin, the cabin and the chart room. Chart room lighting environment is a local lighting space, enabling cartographers mental concentration, quick thinking; and between the cabin is a complex structure, the environment noisy space, lighting, lighting and surface using the point on a combination of lighting, in small, easy to place a security incident illumination by point and focus; operation area of the crew to work under pressure, so this kind of space should be the color temperature of 4000K to 5500K.
LED color temperature of the richness of its cabin can create a variety of lighting conditions, while its wavelength of choice is also on board for the LED to provide a more extensive feasibility. The results show that, LED lighting features as well the role of health care.
Marine LED lighting health care
⑴, blue LED to help sleep
In the course of their voyage, the crew often in a state of intense work, irregular work schedules, poor working conditions, long hours of work crew health status is the killer.
Irregular work schedules and long work led to the crew's sleep there is a big problem. Table 3 is the crew's sleep questionnaire situation. By Table 3, we can find a long sea voyage, the crew of the increasing number of sleep difficulties, continuing to reduce sleep time, increased frequency of nighttime awakenings, early morning feeling of fatigue, decreased quality of sleep, and prone to irritability, depression and negative emotions . [2]
The findings of research project
30min sleep time in bed or sleeping less than 30min
Usually 32 (0.21) 70 (0.47) 48 (0.32)
Long sailing ship, 28 (0.18) 53 (0.35) 69 (0.46)
The following sustained sleep 4h more than 4 ~ ~ 6 6h
Usually 11 (0.07) 76 (0.57) 63 (0.42)
Long ship voyage 20 (0.13) 83 (0.55) 47 (0.31)
Crew sleep (number, percentage in brackets)
LED lighting, how to increase the crew's sleep quality? Sleep is a complex gradual process in which large amounts of melatonin secreted by the body - a body hormone can promote sleep played a key role. The blue LED helps sleep, improve sleep quality. Figure 1 is a blue LED light with the traditional spectrum daylight color comparison chart.
Figure 1 with the traditional blue LED color light spectrum of sunlight map
The role of the blue LED light on the biological reflection of the human body. Band at 450nm ~ 480nm blue light of biological light energy is 2.7 times, the blue LED can promote the secretion of melatonin. He can supplement the lack of Blu-ray for general lighting, the use he can get the following applications:
Patient on board, is conducive to the secretion of melatonin, which can play a role in lighting, but also conducive to sleep; usually sleep in the crew to use, can play a role in regulating circadian clock; at a high level under the cold light illumination can improve the people (especially the patient) the awakening of degrees, while the blue as the sun in the winter sunlight to supplement or complement the inadequacies of the light, reduced the degree of awakening.
⑵, blue-violet light disinfection LED help
Because of special circumstances in which the ship, the crew often in high humidity, high heat environment, while paint, oil, gas and unscientific diet have a direct impact on the health of the crew. Therefore, the crew very susceptible to various skin diseases, mainly eczema, acne, athlete's foot and so on.
Skin does not belong to serious illness, will not result in skin vessels attrition. But the skin disease has seriously affected the normal life of the crew, and infectious skin diseases and the daily routine of the crew a special environment, resulting in the crew has become common skin disease. Studies indicated that the cause eczema, acne fungus during the breeding process can produce endogenous porphyrins photosensitive material, which can absorb blue visible light, porphyrins generate singlet oxygen and anaerobic fungi so that the destruction of death, of which the wavelength 415 ± 5nm blue-violet light LED, coincided with the absorption peak of Propionibacterium acnes consistent, it can be effective against Propionibacterium acnes, shorten treatment time, achieve satisfactory results. [3]
At the same time, 415 ± 5nm blue-violet light LED contains a small amount of ultraviolet rays, which can play about sterilization, without harm to human body, you can use a long, safe without side effects.
⑶, LED helps to speed healing of wounds
Long life on board, the crew under trauma is inevitable. However, due to humid environment, long difficult to heal wounds, leading to the wound festering, pus of. NASA (NASA) research shows that ,630-800nm wavelength LED helps speed wound healing [4].
In order to study the effect of LED on wound healing, NASA in the normal animal model experiments on rats, in rat skin wounds created 1lmm diameter, and let the mice live in high humidity environments. The mice were divided into 2 groups (with LED, non-LED), the wound healing experiments. The size of the wound by computer scanning, while the experimental animal models of anatomical samples, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) determination of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF-B) concentration and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The experimental data show that LED irradiation of mouse skin wound healing of the fastest growing, the concentration of VEGF and FGF-β compared with the other amount is the highest. A LED light around the mouse about the seventh day of VEGF and FGF-β concentrations reach the highest, after a further healing the wounds with decreased concentration, without LED illumination about the twelfth days of mouse VEGF and FGF-β concentration highest and with the wound healing and the further concentration decreased.
These features have LED lighting health care, we can design a universal demand function to the lighting, the lighting in the cabin at the same time, to reach health care function; the special features of those LED lamps, we can designed to be mobile , portable health care lamps, as the crew needed to provide health care services.
Conclusion
LED lighting in the area already occupied a space, and its luminescence mechanism to give it a specific range of features and characteristics, the light is small, medium density, light concentration, high brightness, good penetration, LED lighting is very suitable for marine ; the same time, LED light therapy has also been developing rapidly on the role of the coherence, light intensity, wavelength, and other aspects of the inherent practical advantages, LED is very useful for the development of marine, new, simple, safe LED series of medical devices.
LED is suitable for the characteristics of its own board to use, but the LED has to be improve.
In recent years, with LED technology, LED light effect, luminous flux have made significant improvement, but in a large area lighting Youyu luminous efficiency, luminous flux and color output to lack of consistency there has not been widely used. Currently, LED lighting to a number of high-power LED, in order to achieve good lighting effects. Therefore, consistency will be more attention.
LED is a point source. Therefore, the LED lighting fixtures have to do with the second optical processing, in accordance with the use of different environments, lighting, choose a different height of the optical lens, to achieve the best lighting effects.
Compared with the traditional lighting LED obvious advantages. LED reliability, electromagnetic radiation, etc. These characteristics are very suitable for marine lighting. While its rich colors and optional color temperature and the accompanying effect of light therapy, and to create different lighting conditions and the effectiveness of health care can be achieved. So LED is a very human, very suitable for multi-purpose marine lighting. (Editor: Led fish)
References 1, Yang Shiguang. Ergonomic fluorescent lamps. Lighting Engineering. 19992, "naval officers and men to sail around the world sleep in the Survey and Analysis" Zheng Shufeng "Navy Medicine," September 2004 Vol 25 No. 3 3, High astronomy, Sun Lin Chao. Cosmetic laser medicine [M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing Society, 2004,6: 4, Whelan H. T. , Hode J. M. . Donohoe D. L. . et a1. Medical Applications ofSpace Light-Emiting Diode Technology Space Station and Beyond. Space Technology and Applications International Fonum, 1999,458,3 - 155, whelan H. T. , Buchmann. E. V. , Whelan N. T, et a1. , NASA Light EmittingDiode Medical Applications from Deep Space to Deep Sea. Space Technology and Applications International Fonum. 2001. 001-552,35-45
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